知識詳解
① reduce vt. 減少；縮減；約束，限制；使降低，降職；
使……變?yōu)?某個狀態(tài))(回歸課本P12)
reduce...to...把……減少到……,reduce...by...把……減少了……,reduce sb.to doing sth.迫使某人做某事；使某人不得不做某事,reduction n.縮小，減少；縮版,make a reduction減價
【歸納總結(jié)】
【例句探源】
①The expenses have been reduced to 1,000 yuan one month.
每月的費用已降到1,000元。
②The expenses have been reduced by 200 yuan one month.
每月的費用已降了200元。
③Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.
最后夏洛特被迫淪落到沿街乞討。
④We can make a reduction if you buy in bulk.
如果你大批購買，我們可以降低價格。
1．Many students have dropped out of school and now the number of our class has ________50.
A．reduced by B．reduced to C．increased to D．increased by
解析：選B。reduce...to后面數(shù)字指減少后的總量，reduce...by后面數(shù)字指純減少的量或比率。由上面說到drop，故排除C、D。
【即境活用】
2. Since then the number of people stopping smoking ________10%.
A．has reduced to B．reduces by C．has reduced by D．reduces to
解析：選C。由since then可判斷主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，排除B、D兩項；再根據(jù)句意“自從那時戒煙人數(shù)減少了10%”，強調(diào)差額用介語by，故選C。
② likely adj. 很可能的，看來要發(fā)生的；(像是)可靠的，可信的；似乎有理的
adv. 很可能
(回歸課本P9) Drug users are more likely to get into trouble at school.
吸毒者更有可能在學校遇到麻煩。
【歸納總結(jié)】
① It is likely that he will be late.
＝He is likely to be late.他可能會遲到。
②“He said you’d be giving them a lift.” “Not likely！”
“他說你會讓他們搭便車�！薄敖^不可能！”
③It is likely that you could suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果繼續(xù)吸煙，你很可能會健康狀況不佳。
④That means the price is likely to go down because of the competition.這意味著價格有可能因為競爭而下降。
【例句探源】
likely，possible，probable
三者都有“可能的”之意，區(qū)別如下：
(1)likely是形容詞，表示某事很可能發(fā)生，與probable 意思相近，但主語可以是人也可以是物。常用于“It is likely that...或sb./sth.be likely to do...”句型中，但不能說“It is likely for sb.to do sth.”。
(2)possible可能性相對小，作表語時，主語不能是人，常用句式為“It is possible for sb. to do sth.”或“It is possible that...”。
【易混辨析】
(3)probable 帶有“很可能”的意味，語氣比possible強，作表語時不能用人或不定式作主語，常用句式為“It is probable that...”。
①It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
②It’s possible_to break with old habits.
③It is _probable that he will succeed.
3.Young Americans who don’t go to university ________get jobs which bring low income.
A．a(chǎn)re likely to B．a(chǎn)re possible to
C．were able to D．liked to
解析：選A。句意是：沒有上大學的美國年輕人可能做一些低收入的工作。likely可用于sb./sth.is likely to do而possible不能。
【即境活用】
4．(山東青島質(zhì)檢)A senior firefighter said it was__________that the fire，which broke out at midnight，was caused by someone on purpose.
A．possibly B．likely
C．probably D．obviously
解析：選B。根據(jù)It is likely that……句型得出答案，其它三個詞都是副詞，不能用于該句型。
③ affect vt. 影響，對……有壞影響；(疾病)侵襲；假裝；喜歡
(回歸課本P9) Smoking in a park doesn’t affect other people in the same way.
在公園吸煙不會以同樣的方式影響別人。
【歸納總結(jié)】
【例句探源】
①Peter Taylor finds out how computers and the Internet are going to affect our lives.
彼得?泰勒試圖弄清計算機和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將如何影響我們的生活。
②(牛津P31)They were deeply affected by the news of her death.
她死亡的消息使他們唏噓不已。
③(高考遼寧卷)The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature.
這項實驗表明我們的生物鐘受光線和溫度的影響。
④She was affected with high fever.
她發(fā)高燒。
affect，effect，influence
三個詞都有“影響”的意思。
(1)affect指“產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng)”，著重“影響”的動作，有時含有“對……產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思。
(2)effect作“影響”講時，通常用作名詞，構(gòu)成have an effect on“對……有影響”。effect作動詞時，指“使(某事物)產(chǎn)生；使發(fā)生；引起”，著重“造成”一種特殊的效果。
(3)influence指“通過說服、舉例等對行動、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺察到的、潛移默化的影響”。
【易混辨析】
①The games don’t have a(n) _effect on grown?ups but affect students a great deal.
②Influenced by a high school biology teacher，he took up the study of medicine.
③This book effected a change in my opinion.
5．Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ________the quality of the programs.
A．lessened B．declined
C．a(chǎn)ffected D．effected
解析：選C。句意為：批評家認為電視被大量的廣告所控制，這影響了節(jié)目的質(zhì)量。affect常指不好的影響；lessen“減少”；decline“降低”，指力量、權(quán)力、數(shù)量等的削減；effect“引起；產(chǎn)生”，只有affect符合句意。
【即境活用】
④ recognise vt. 辨認出；認出；認識到；認知
(回歸課本P19)Participants learn to recognise smoking triggers...
參與者學會分辨吸煙的誘因……
【歸納總結(jié)】
recognise sb./sth.as/to be承認某人/物是……；認出某人/物是……
It’s recognised that...人們意識到……
①Salera came home so thin and weak that her own children hardly recognised her.
賽莉婭回家時又瘦又弱，連她自己的孩子都幾乎認不出她來了。
②He is recognised as the head of the company.
他被認為是公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
③It was recognised that he was not qualified for the work.
人們認識到他做這項工作不合格。
【例句探源】
recognise，know
(1)recognise 指把原來認識的人/物再次“辨認出”，是非延續(xù)性動詞。
(2)know“認識并熟悉某人/物”，是延續(xù)性動詞。
①Sometimes we can’t recognise,_one’s voice on the phone even though we know him/her.
②I know him so well that I can recognise his steps.
【易混辨析】
6．(高考遼寧卷)Alexander tried to get his work________in the medical circles.
A．to recognize B．recognizing
C．recognize D．recognized
解析：選D。句意：Alexander試圖使自己的工作在醫(yī)學界得到認可。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓補。get sth.done表示使某事物被做，如get my hair cut表示理發(fā)；get her finger burnt表示她的手指被燒傷。
【即境活用】
7.—Oh，it’s you，Alice.I________you.You look much thinner than before.
—Not surprising.I’m on a diet.
A．didn’t recognize B．hadn’t recognized
C．haven’t recognized D．don’t recognize
解析：選A。本題強調(diào)是剛才沒認出，故用一般過去時態(tài)。
⑤ break into 闖入，破門而入；突然……起來
(回歸課本P13) The next day，I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder.
第二天，我闖入一戶人家，偷了一臺電視機和一臺錄像機。
break out突然爆發(fā)
break up打碎；拆散；分解
結(jié)束,break in打斷(談話)； 突然闖入(in是副詞) break through突破
break down瓦解，損壞，分解；機器壞了；失�。簧眢w垮了
break away from擺脫(束縛)；克服(習慣)
break off中斷，折斷，突然停止
【歸納總結(jié)】
①Thieves broke into our house while we were away on holiday.
我們外出度假時，小偷闖入了我們家。
②On hearing the news that the war was over ，the old woman broke into tears.
聽到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束的消息，老人突然哭了起來。
③Don’t break into their conversation；they are discussing something important.
不要打斷他們的談話，他們正在討論重要的事情。
【例句探源】
break into，break in
兩者都有“闖入”之意。break into中，into是介詞，后需接賓語；break in 是不及物動詞短語，其中in是副詞，不接賓語。另外，break into還有“突然……起來”之意，相當于burst into；break in還可以表示“插嘴”等。
①We had to break_into the house as we had lost the key.
②Never break_in while others are talking.
【易混辨析】
8．(海南三亞模擬)You’ll________sooner or later if you keep working like that.
A．break off B．break down
C．break into D．break out
解析：選B。句意：如果你繼續(xù)那樣工作，身體遲早會垮掉的。break down“垮掉”，符合題意。
【即境活用】
9. Scientists hope to________soon in their fight against the H1N1 flu virus.
A．break up B．break out
C．break through D．break in
解析：選C。句意為：科學家們希望能盡快在應(yīng)對甲型H1N1流感病毒方面有所突破。break up“分解，打破”；break out“發(fā)生，爆發(fā)”；break through“突破”；break in“闖入，打斷(談話)”，據(jù)句意可知答案為C。
⑥ give up 放棄；交出，讓出；認輸
(回歸課本P13)And here are some ideas to help people to give up smoking.
這兒有一些幫助人們戒煙的方法。
give away分發(fā)；放棄；泄露
give back歸還；恢復(fù)
give forth發(fā)出(氣味、聲音等)；發(fā)表
give in屈服；讓步；同意
give off發(fā)出(蒸汽、光等)
give out分發(fā)，發(fā)出(氣味、熱等)；發(fā)表，用完，耗盡；精疲力竭
【歸納總結(jié)】
①When Ed left ，she gave up hope of ever marrying.
埃德離開時，她徹底放棄了結(jié)婚的希望。
②In the crowded bus ，the young people gave up their seats to the old people.
在擁擠的公共汽車上，年輕人把座位讓給老年人。
③The doctor told him to give up smoking and drinking.
醫(yī)生要他戒煙戒酒。
④She has never given up her secrets to others.
她從不把秘密透露給別人。
【例句探源】
10．We haven’t heard from her for long，so we give her________for dead.
A．out B．in
C．up D．a(chǎn)way
解析：選C。give out“用完，用盡”；give in“讓步，投降”；give up“放棄，不抱希望”；give away“泄露，分發(fā)”。由句意可知，此處指“對她不抱任何希望”，故答案為C。
【即境活用】
11.He pretended to be a German，but his Swedish accent gave himself________.
A．a(chǎn)way B．up
C．off D．out
解析：選A�？疾間ive的固定短語。句意：他假裝是德國人，但他的瑞典口音使他暴露了�！氨┞丁睉�(yīng)用give away。give up指“放棄”；give off 指“放出，發(fā)出”；give out指“發(fā)出，分發(fā)”。
句型梳理
①【教材原句】 Now I work in a centre for drug addicts，helping others to stop taking drugs.(P13)
現(xiàn)在，我在一個戒毒中心工作，幫助其他吸毒者戒毒。
【句法分析】 本句中的helping others to stop taking drugs是v.?ing形式在句子中作狀語，表示方式或伴隨情況。
①The little girl stood there，crying for milk.
這個小女孩站在那兒，哭著要牛奶喝。
②He worked late into the night，preparing an important report.
他工作到深夜，在準備一個重要的報告。
③The teacher stood at the entrance，blocking the children’s way.
老師站在入口處，擋住了孩子們的路。
12.(高考四川卷)The lawyer listened with full attention，________to miss any point.
A．not trying B．trying not
C．to try not D．not to try
解析：選B。句意：這名律師全神貫注地聽，盡力不錯過任何要點。本題考查非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語。不定式作狀語時和前面的部分如用逗號隔開，表示意想不到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式前通常加only或never，所以動詞不定式在結(jié)構(gòu)和題意上都不符合本題的要求，D項被排除；A、C兩項結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤，也被排除。
【即境活用】
13．(高考重慶卷) The news shocked the public，________to great concern about students’ safety at school.
A．having led B．led
C．leading D．to lead
解析：選C。句意：這條新聞使廣大民眾感到很震驚，引起了人們對在校學生安全的擔憂�？疾榉侵^語動詞作結(jié)果狀語。首先排除B和D兩項； having done指動作先于謂語動詞發(fā)生，在此不符合語境，故只能選擇C。
② 【教材原句】 Whatever you’re doing when you want to smoke—do something else！(P19)
無論你在做什么，當你想抽煙時，做點別的事吧！
【句法分析】 考查whatever的用法。(1)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，在從句中作主語或賓語，其含義相當于no matter what，意為“無論，不管”，其位置可在主句前，也可在主句后。
(2)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(賓語從句或主語從句)，可看作是what的強調(diào)說法，其含義相當于anything that 或all that，whatever在句中起雙重作用，既起先行詞與關(guān)系代詞的作用，又在從句中作主語、賓語等。
(3)however/whenever/wherever只引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當于no matter how/when/where引導(dǎo)的從句。
(4)whoever/whichever同whatever一樣，既能引導(dǎo)狀語從句也能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
①Whatever he did，his parents supported him.
＝No matter what he did，his parents supported him.
不管他做什么，他父母都支持他。
②I don’t believe whatever he said.
我不相信他說的一切。
③I’ll take whatever help I can get.
任何幫助我都接受。
14．(高考浙江卷)—How about camping this weekend，just for a change?
—OK，________you want.
A．whichever B．however
C．whatever D．whoever
解析：選C。句意：“這個周末我們換一下去野營怎么樣啊？”“好的。你想做什么就做什么�！贝鹫Z為省略句式，全句應(yīng)為：OK，whatever you want to do.whichever 不論哪個；however無論怎樣；whatever無論什么，不管什么；whoever不論是誰。
【即境活用】
15.The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ________the season.
A．whatever B．wherever
C．whenever D．however
解析：選A。句意：無論什么季節(jié)，這位律師除了一套西裝以外，很少穿其他的(衣服)。whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，whatever the season即whatever the season is。wherever無論什么地方；whenever無論什么時候；however無論怎樣，均不符合語境要求。
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