Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars
1. spread
vt.&vi. 展開,鋪開;散布;擴(kuò)大;延伸
The bird spread its wings. 那只鳥展開了翅膀。
Flies spread disease. 蒼蠅傳播疾病。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
spread sth. with sth. 用……抹/涂/鋪……
spread ...on ...把……抹/涂/鋪在……
be spread for擺好（桌子）準(zhǔn)備
spread oneself\[口\]舒展四肢(躺下)
spread out張開，伸開，鋪開，展開，伸長(zhǎng)
高手過招
單項(xiàng)填空
Paper making began in China and to Europe.
(2009•12•河南鄭州檢測(cè))
A. Spread B. grew
C. Carried D. developed
解析:選A。句意為：造紙術(shù)起于中國(guó)，又傳播到了歐洲。spread傳播。
2. method
n. 方法
He has introduced a new method of teaching.
他引進(jìn)了一種新的方法。
What is the most effective method of birth control?
控制出生率的最有效的方法是什么？
聯(lián)想拓展
by this means=in this way=with this method
用這種方法
易混辨析
method/means
method側(cè)重“理論方法”，指做某事的具體步驟或程序。
a new teaching method一種新的方法
means（單復(fù)數(shù)同形）側(cè)重“通過手段”或“利用工具”去達(dá)到某種目的。
高手過招
選詞填空(method/means)（原創(chuàng)）
①The quickest of travel is by plane.
②She has a very scientific of dealing with political problems.
答案：①means②method
3. harmful
adj. 有害的
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 對(duì)某人有害
mean no harm 無意傷害別人;沒有惡意
harm one’s image/reputation 損害某人的形象/名聲
do more harm than good 弊大于利
There is no harm in (sb.?s) doing sth.
=It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. (某人) 做某事無害處
be harmful to 對(duì)……有害
harm n.&v. 損害，傷害
Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸煙有害健康。
高手過招
單項(xiàng)填空
He is a nice dog. He won’t do you any .（原創(chuàng)）
A.ill B. bite C. hurt D. harm
解析:選D�？疾楣潭ù钆�。do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 表示
“對(duì)某人有害”。句意為：這是一條溫順的狗，它不會(huì)傷害你。
故選D。
4. mass
n. 質(zhì)量；團(tuán)；塊；大量；(前加the) 群眾
A liter of gas has less mass than a liter of water.
1公升氣體的質(zhì)量少于1公升水的質(zhì)量。
She has a mass of things to do.
她有一大堆的事情要做。
The masses have boundless creative power.
人民群眾有無限的創(chuàng)造力。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
be a mass of 遍體是……; 充滿了……
in mass 全部, 全體; 整個(gè)地
in the mass 總體上;總的說
the (great) mass of 大多數(shù), 大部分
masses of sth.大量的東西
高手過招
單項(xiàng)填空
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took pictures of them.
(2009•12•安徽合肥檢測(cè))
A. many of B. masses of
C. the number of D. a large amount of
解析:選B。句意為：年輕的舞蹈家們穿著美麗的衣服看起很迷人，因此我們給他們拍了許多照片。masses of=lots of，后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
5. pull
v. 拉，拖，拔；移動(dòng)
n.拉，拖；牽(引)力
You push and I?ll pull.
你推，我拉。
I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round.
我覺得有人扯我的袖子，便轉(zhuǎn)過身。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 領(lǐng)先于（某人/物）
pull (sb.) back（使某人）退卻；撤回（某人）
pull off (sth.)（指機(jī)動(dòng)車輛）駛離（道路至路側(cè)停車處停下）pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分離；掏出；駛離（車站）
pull on 穿，戴上（襪子、手套等）
pull together 同心協(xié)力；通力合作
高手過招
用pull相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空（原創(chuàng)）
①I arrived as the last train was .
②He a gun and aimed at the criminal.
③So long as we , there’s no mountain top we can’t conquer.
答案：①pulling out②pulled out③pull together
6. cheer
vt. & vi. (使)高興、振奮；(對(duì))歡呼
The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared.
女王出現(xiàn)時(shí)群眾高聲歡呼。
He was greatly cheered by the news.
他聽到這個(gè)消息非常高興。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
cheer sb. on為某人加油
cheer (sb.) up（使某人）更高興；（使）振奮起
聯(lián)想拓展
cheerful adj.高興的
cheerless adj.不高興的；陰冷的高手過招
用cheer相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空（原創(chuàng)）
①Your visit has greatly him up.
②The crowd the runners as they started the last lap.
③You look as though you need up.
答案：①cheered②cheered; on③cheering
7. puzzle
vt.&vi.（使）迷惑；（使）苦思
n.迷；難題
puzzled adj. 無法了解的；困惑的
puzzling adj. 令人費(fèi)解的
Her reply puzzled me.
她的回答把我弄糊涂了。
Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.
他們?yōu)槭裁匆菢幼龃耸挛胰愿械侥涿睢?br>常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
sb. be puzzled by sth.某人對(duì)……感到迷惑
puzzle about/over sth.對(duì)某事感到迷惑
puzzle one’s brain冥思苦想；絞盡腦汁
solve a puzzle解決一個(gè)難題
高手過招
用puzzle的適當(dāng)形式填空
①To explain the findings, he offers two theories.
②I that I haven’t heard from Liz for so long.
③She listened with a expression on her face.
④No one has yet succeeded in explaining the of how life began.
答案：①puzzling②am puzzled③puzzled④puzzle
8. exist
vi. 存在，生存
existence n. 存在
Does life exist on ars?
火星上有生命嗎？
I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting.
我靠自己掙的工資簡(jiǎn)直難以糊口。
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
exist+prep. 存在于某地方
exist on sth. 靠某物生存
高手過招
用exist相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空
①This plant only Australia.
②Can you such a low salary?
③I doubt the of alien.
答案：①exists; in②exist on③existence
重點(diǎn)短語
9. in time意為“及時(shí)”時(shí)相當(dāng)于early enough, soon enough;意為“終于，早晚”時(shí)相當(dāng)于sooner or later。
We got to the station just in time to catch the bus.
=We got to the station just in time for the bus.
我們到達(dá)車站時(shí)，剛好趕上了那班汽車。
The doctor came in time to save her life.
醫(yī)生及時(shí)趕救了她的命。
You?ll succeed in time if you keep on working hard.
假若堅(jiān)持努力下去，你遲早會(huì)成功的。
聯(lián)想拓展
be in time for sth./be in time to do sth.
對(duì)于某事是及時(shí)的/及時(shí)做某事
ahead of time提前；提早
all the time一直；始終
at one time曾經(jīng)；一度
at a time一次
at times 有時(shí)
at the same time同時(shí)；然而；可是
from time to time不時(shí)；偶爾
in no time立刻；馬上
take one?s time不急，慢慢
time and time again一次又一次；一再
高手過招
單項(xiàng)填空
—I was disappointed in time when I didn’t pass the examinations.
—Don’t be so discouraged. You’ll be successful in
time. (2009•12•河南平頂檢測(cè))
A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /
解析:選D。句意為：——我沒通過考試那段時(shí)間我很失望�！�?jiǎng)e灰心。你遲早會(huì)成功的。第一個(gè)空考查的是when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，表示在某段時(shí)間里，故應(yīng)用in a time。而第二個(gè)空表示“遲早”，故用in time。
10. prevent ...from
阻止；制止
The heavy rain prevented us from going there.
這場(chǎng)大雨使我們沒能到那里去。
易混辨析
prevent/stop/keep/protect
prevent, stop, keep與protect四者的常見結(jié)構(gòu)為：
prevent ...(from) doing sth.；stop ...(from) doing sth.；keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止……做某事”。
上述三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中stop 與prevent后可省去from，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不可省略; 而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情況下都不能省略。另外，
protect ...from ...表示“保護(hù)……不受……侵襲；阻擋；防御”。from后接能帶傷害或損害的事物。
This plan will be kept from being carried out.
這個(gè)計(jì)劃將被阻止實(shí)施。
高手過招
單項(xiàng)填空
Some policemen should be sent to them the trees.
（原創(chuàng)）
A. prevent; to cut down B. stop; cutting down
C. keep; to cut down D. keep; cutting down
解析:選B。句意為：應(yīng)該派一些警察去阻止他們砍伐樹木。keep/prevent/stop ... from doing sth.阻止……做某事,其中keep ...from doing sth. 中的from不可省略。故選B。
11. break out
突發(fā)；爆發(fā)（無被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
Trouble may break out at any moment.
災(zāi)難在任何時(shí)候都可能突然發(fā)生。
When did the war break out? 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)什么時(shí)候爆發(fā)的？
It was at midnight that a fire broke out.
在午夜時(shí)分發(fā)生了一起大火。
聯(lián)想拓展
break away from 脫離（政黨等）；打破（陳規(guī)等）
break down 出故障；（計(jì)劃等）失��；（身體、精神等）垮掉
break in 破門而入，闖入；打斷（話語）等
break into 破門而入；突然……起
break off 折斷；突然中止；斷絕；結(jié)束
break through 突破
break up 敲碎；放假；散會(huì)
易混辨析
come about/happen/take place/break out/occur
come about 發(fā)生，相當(dāng)于happen, take place。后面不可以接賓語，也不可以使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
happen 強(qiáng)調(diào)偶然發(fā)生。
take place 指按計(jì)劃、安排發(fā)生；舉行
break out 多用于指戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、火災(zāi)、疾病、疫情的突然爆發(fā)。
occur 常用于句式： sth. occurs to sb. 某事發(fā)生在某人身上。
高手過招
用break相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空 （原創(chuàng)）
①A terrible tsunami in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004.
②When do you for Christmas?
③Negotiations between the two sides have .
④His house was last week.
答案：①broke out②break up③broken down④broken into
12. block out
擋�。ü饩�）
That wall blocks out all the light.那堵墻把光線都遮住了。
聯(lián)想拓展
burst out 大聲喊叫;突然……起
go out 外出；過時(shí)；熄(燈)
put out 關(guān)(燈)；撲滅；生產(chǎn)
come out 出現(xiàn)，顯露；出版;結(jié)果是
help out 幫助解決難題(或擺脫困境)
look out留神；注意
watch out 注意；提防；向外看
find out 找出，查明，發(fā)現(xiàn)
pick out挑出;辨認(rèn)出，分辨出
speak out 大聲地說;大膽地說
think out仔細(xì)思考(某事)；想出（主意等）
hang out 掛出;閑逛
knock out (拳)擊中，擊倒，打昏
sell out 售完(某種貨物)，脫銷
turn out 結(jié)果證明是
run out (of) 用完，耗盡
check out 結(jié)賬離去，辦妥手續(xù)離去
give out 分發(fā)（試卷等）；發(fā)出（光、熱等）；用盡；耗完；筋疲力盡
高手過招
用out相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空（原創(chuàng)）
①At the end of the race his legs and he collapsed on the ground.
②It’ s easy to him in a crowd because he is very tall.
③His new book will next month.
④We thought it was going to rain; it to be a fine day.
⑤We of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight.
答案：①gave out②pick; out③come out ④turned out⑤checked out
13. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
隨后它會(huì)變成什么沒人能知道，直到38~45 億年前，這團(tuán)塵埃才慢慢地形成一個(gè)固體的球狀物。
What it was to become ...是what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句，what 在從句中作become 的賓語。
What surprised everybody was that he didn’t come to the meeting.
使大家驚奇的是他竟沒有參加會(huì)議。
What he did added to our difficulty.
他所做的增加了我們的困難。
“be+動(dòng)詞不定式”在本句中表示按照計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
When are they to hand in their plan?
他們的計(jì)劃什么時(shí)候交上？
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
你得做完了作業(yè)才能看電視。
聯(lián)想拓展
“be+to”還可以表示以下含義：
表示可能性，相當(dāng)于can,主要用于疑問句和否定句。表示命令，意為“必須，不得不”，意思等同于must, have to，表示假設(shè)。表示“命運(yùn)注定……”，通常用于過去時(shí)。
How am I to knohat has become of him?
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢？
Certain skills must be learned if one is to use English well.
如果想要用好英語，某些技巧是必須學(xué)的。
He was never to see his wife again.
他注定再也見不到他妻子了。
Were we to offer you more money, would you stay?
如果我們給你加錢，你愿意留下嗎？
高手過招
單項(xiàng)填空
In dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they . （原創(chuàng)）
A. have survived B. are to survive
C. would survive D. will survive
解析:選B�？疾檎鎸�(shí)條句。are to survive在此處并不表示將，而表示“期望”。
14. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
而當(dāng)我試著向前邁步的時(shí)候，我發(fā)覺我被送出去很遠(yuǎn)，步子的跨度竟是地球上的兩倍，因而我摔倒了。
twice as ...as ... 是……的兩倍
聯(lián)想拓展
英語中的倍數(shù)表達(dá)法：
倍數(shù)+as +adj./adv.+as 是……的幾倍
倍數(shù)+adj./adv.的比較級(jí)+ than 比……(多/大)幾倍
倍數(shù)+ the +表示長(zhǎng)度/高度/寬度等的名詞+ of是……長(zhǎng)度/高度/寬度的幾倍，此結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的名詞有：size, height, weight, length, width, depth等。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
=This ruler is twice longer than that one.
=This ruler is three times the length of that one.
這把尺子是那把的三倍長(zhǎng)。
There are four times as many students as we expected.
到的學(xué)生是我們預(yù)計(jì)的五倍。
高手過招
(1)翻譯句子 （原創(chuàng)）
這個(gè)房子是那個(gè)的三倍大。
(2)完成句子
到的客人是我們預(yù)計(jì)的兩倍。
There are we expected .
答案：(1)This house is three times as big as that one./This house is twice bigger than that one./This house is three times the size of that one.
(2)twice as many guests as
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