一、引出話題( to state a topic )
as for; as to; as regards; with regard to; in regard to; regarding; concerning; so far as ... be concerned; in the case of；when it comes to.至于；關(guān)于；就……而言。
1）關(guān)于他的建議，我們將充分地討論。
In regard to his suggestions we shall discuss them fully.
2）至于你害羞的問題，只要在任何要事之前做好充分準(zhǔn)備，你會(huì)克服掉的。
As for being shy, you’ll get over that as long as you are well prepared before you do anything important.
3）我很擅長數(shù)學(xué)，但至于英語，我全然不明白。
I’m good at mathematics, but when it comes to English, I’m completely at sea.
4）就我個(gè)人而言，我不反對(duì)你的計(jì)劃。
As far as I am concerned, I’m not against your plan.
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)( to emphasize )
1. certainly確實(shí)地 2. indeed確實(shí)地 3. surely確實(shí)地 4. above all尤其；最重要者 5. most important ( of all )最重要的是9. in particular尤其；特別 10. particularly尤其 11. especially特別地；主要地
1）小孩子該做的最重要的事是學(xué)好功課。
What a child should do, most important, is to do well in his studies.
2）他強(qiáng)壯，勇敢，最重要的是他誠實(shí)。
He is strong, brave and, above all, honest.
3）患難之交才是真正的朋友。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4）旅游可以使人增長見聞，尤其對(duì)年輕人。
Travel can broaden a person’s horizon, especially for young people.
三、舉例( to illustrate )
1. for example/ for instance 2. such as 3. like
for example/ for instance
1)意為用來舉例說明，有時(shí)可作為獨(dú)立語，插在句中，不影響句子其他部分的語法關(guān)系�？煞旁诶忧耙部煞旁诶雍蟆�
① 我的好多同學(xué)，比如王一，非常喜歡下棋。
A lot of my classmates, for example Wang Yi, enjoy playing chess.
② 很多偉人出身貧寒,林肯就是一例。
Many great people rose from poor backgrounds -- Lincoln for example.
2）for example/ for instance 后面可以跟句子。
她靠不�。号e例說，昨天她又說慌了。
You can't depend on her: for instance, she told lies again yesterday.
such as和like
1）只能放在例子之前，表示列舉，一般不全部列出。
Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular with youngsters.
卡通人物，如米老鼠和史努比，在兒童中仍很受歡迎。
2) 有時(shí)可以分開使用
He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.
他有幾本像字典、手冊(cè)之類的參考書。
四、解釋. 1. namely那就是；2. that is那就是；3. in other words換言之；4. that is to say換言之；那就是說；5. to put it in another way換言之
1) 只有一個(gè)人能回答這個(gè)問題,那就是你。
Only one person can answer the question, namely you.
2) 他近來工作過度，身體也不大好，也就是說，他需要休假。
He has been working too much, and is not at all well. In other words, he needs a holiday.
3）競爭強(qiáng)迫我們改變。換句話說，競爭導(dǎo)致改變并且，在某種程度上說，改變意味著進(jìn)步。
Competition forces us to change. To put it in another way, competition leads to changes and that, to a certain degree, means progress.
四、增加或附屬( to add ) 表示“除此之外和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系”的連接詞：
1. in addition而且；此外 2. furthermore而且；更有甚者 3. also也；而且 4. moreover而且；更有甚者 5. again而且 6. and而且 7. besides而且 8. what’s worse更糟糕的是 9. what's more而且
1) 他似乎不想去那兒,再加他的衣服也不夠體面。
He seemed to have no desire to go there; besides, his clothes were not good enough.
2) 騎自行車是一種好的鍛煉方式，而且它也不會(huì)污染空氣。
Bicycling is good exercises; moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air.
3) 我趕不上巴士，不得不走回家，而且那時(shí)正在下雨，我全身都濕透了。
I missed the bus and had to walk home. What's more (worse), it was raining and I got all wet.
五、比較( to compare )尤其是相同性質(zhì)的比較
1. like像 2. likewise同樣地 3. in the same way同樣地 4. similarly同樣地 5. too也 6.equally important同樣重要地
1) 我們應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成分類垃圾的習(xí)慣。同樣重要的是，我們應(yīng)該勤儉節(jié)約。
We should get into the habit of classifying garbage. Equally important, we should practice economy.
2) 我們的生活水平在提高，同樣，我們的生活成本也在增加。
Our living standard is rising; similarly, our living cost is increasing.
3) 要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，必須有雄心壯志，同樣還得十分努力。
To achieve this goal, you must have ambition; likewise you need to exert great efforts.
六、對(duì)比關(guān)系或相反的意思( to contrast )
1. unlike不像 2. in contrast相反地 3. on the other hand另一方面 4. for another thing另一方面 5. on the contrary相反地 6. instead代替；更換；反而 7. but然而；但是 8. however然而 9. still然而 10. yet然而
1）我覺得它并不丑，恰恰相反，它挺美。
It doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it's rather beautiful.
2）畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我們沒有舉行晚宴，而是，我們決定把這些錢買了書捐獻(xiàn)給了希望工程。
At our graduation, we didn’t hold the dinner party. Instead, we decided to buy books and donate them to “Hope project”.
3) 一方面你接受你父母的資助，另一方面你對(duì)他們很粗魯。你到底對(duì)他們什么態(tài)度？
On one hand you accept your parents’ support; on the other hand, you are rude to them. What really is your attitude to them?
七、讓步( to concede )
1. nevertheless盡管如此 2. of course當(dāng)然 3. clearly確實(shí)地 4. naturally自然地 5. perhaps或許6. after all畢竟
1). 我們不能照你的建議去辦。不過承蒙您提出來，分感謝。
We can't act on your advice. Nevertheless, thank you for giving it.
2). 我不明白你為什么這樣擔(dān)心，這畢竟不是你的問題。
I don’ know why you are so concerned; after all, it isn’t your problem.
3). 應(yīng)付這種情況對(duì)你老師很困難，當(dāng)然，你可以指望我。
It is hard for you to deal with the situation; of course. You can count on me.
八、結(jié)果( to state a consequence )
1. therefore 2. consequently 3. as a result 4. thus 5. accordingly 6. hence以上皆表「因此」，「所以」，「結(jié)果」 7. so所以；因此
1） 他患了流行性感冒，因此未能前來參加宴會(huì)。
He was down with the flu, and therefore couldn't come to the party.
2）世上有兩種蠢人：一種說：“這是舊的，所以好”；另一種說：“這是新的，所以更好。”
There are two kinds of fools: one says" This is old, therefore it is good; the other says" This is new, therefore it is better"
3) 他們沒有準(zhǔn)備好面對(duì)機(jī)遇，因此他們?cè)跈C(jī)遇面前只是哀嘆。
They aren’t prepared to face opportunities, and thus they can do nothing but sigh.
4）有些人過分雄心勃勃，因此他們總是悶悶不樂。
Some people are over-ambitious. As a result, they are usually unhappy.
九、綜合；總結(jié)( to sum up )
1. to sum up 2. to summarize 3. to conclude 4. in sum ( in summary )5. in conclusion以上皆表「總之」 6. in brief 7. in short 8. in a word 9. to be short 10. in a nutshell以上皆表「簡言之」 11. by and large一般來說 12. finally最后 13. in general一般而言 14. on the whole整個(gè)來說 15. generally speaking大體而言；一般而論
1）最后，我要感謝你們?yōu)槲宜龅囊磺小?/p>
In conclusion, I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me.
2）他聰明有禮，又知分寸，簡言之，他值得夸獎(jiǎng)。
He is smart, polite, and well-behaved. In a word, he is admirable.
3）一般來講，女性比男性壽命長，部分是因?yàn)榍罢弑群笳哐蹨I多。
Generally speaking, women live longer than men, partly because the former have more tears than the latter.
狀語從句和其他結(jié)構(gòu)的互換
時(shí)間狀語從句
時(shí)間狀語從句和表示時(shí)間的介詞短語之間的轉(zhuǎn)化：As 表示“隨著”引導(dǎo)狀語從句和with引導(dǎo)短語之間的轉(zhuǎn)化； when/as/as soon as與on/upon（后接動(dòng)名詞或者具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞）之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。
① 隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和科技水平的進(jìn)步，人們的生活水平不斷得到改善，我們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)自己與大自然日漸疏遠(yuǎn)。
As social economy is developing and science and technology is improving, people’s living standard is being increased, but we find that we become more estranged from nature.
→With the development of social economy and the improvement of technology, people’s living standard is being increased, but we find that we become more estranged from nature.
② 一看到那個(gè)在水里掙扎的小孩兒，他就毫不猶豫地跳進(jìn)河里。
As soon as he saw the child struggling in the water, he didn’t hesitate to jump into the river.
→On/Upon seeing the child struggling, he didn’t hesitate to jump into the river.
③ 在他們到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，向他們獻(xiàn)了花。
They were presented with flowers on/upon (their) arrival at the airport.
條件狀語從句和
1、if條件狀語從句與in case of （“如果， 萬一”，后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞）、with/without等介詞或介詞詞組的互換。
1）如果有困難，我們不應(yīng)該立即就請(qǐng)求別人幫忙，而是應(yīng)該想方設(shè)法自己克服它們。
If we are in difficulty, we shouldn’t turn to others for help at once but try every means to overcome it ourselves.
→If in difficulty, we shouldn’t turn to others for help at once but try every means to overcome it ourselves.
→ In case of difficulty, we shouldn’t turn to others for help at once but try every means to overcome it ourselves.
2）如果沒有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志，你將永遠(yuǎn)擺脫不了網(wǎng)癮（network addiction）。
I can’t finish the work in time if you don’t help me.
→I can’t finish the work in time without your help.
2、條件狀語從句和并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)化：and，or/otherwise接在祈使句之后，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)暗含的條件狀語從句。
珍惜我們的青春吧，否則我們會(huì)讓它留下遺憾的。（浪費(fèi)青春，你會(huì)留下遺憾的。）
① Treasure our youth, otherwise we will make it leave regrets.(=if you don’t seize the chance, you’ll regret it.)
② Lose the chance, and you’ll regret it.(=if you lose the chance, you’ll regret it.)
練習(xí)：把下面的漢語翻譯成英語。
1、隨著人們生活水平的提高，人們對(duì)健康問題越來越重視。
2、一到那兒，我們就馬上動(dòng)手干起來了。
3、她剛坐下來，就聽見有人敲門。
4、如果這個(gè)問題不馬上處理的話，它會(huì)變得更加糟糕。
5、為確保安全, 駕車或騎自行車時(shí)，請(qǐng)勿戴著耳機(jī)。
6、當(dāng)我們正在舉行野餐的時(shí)候，忽然大雨傾盆。
7、他突然大笑起來，過了一些時(shí)候才得以克制自己。
8、努力學(xué)習(xí)吧，否則期末考試不會(huì)通過的。
9、無論你什么時(shí)候你有麻煩，請(qǐng)立即和我們聯(lián)系，我們都會(huì)樂意盡我們所能幫你。
10、我還沒來得及接電話，電話就掛斷了。
答案：
1. With the improvement of our life (As our life is improving)，people are paying more and more attention to health.
2. On arrival/arriving there (As soon as we arrived there ), we began to work immediately.
3. Hardly had she sat down (She had sat down) when she heard someone knocking at the door.
4. The problem will get worse if not dealt with (if it is not dealt with=unless deal with).
5. To ensure safety, do not wear the headphones while driving or cycling.
6. We were having a picnic, when suddenly there came a downpour (when it rained cats and dogs).
7. He burst out laughing, and it was some time before he could control himself.
8. Work hard, otherwise/or you will not pass the final examination.
9. Whenever in difficulty, don’t hesitate to contact us. We are willing to do what we can to help you.
10. The telephone rang off (hung up) before I could answer it.
三、 原因狀語從句
2、原因狀語從句和原因狀語短語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。引導(dǎo)原因狀語的短語：because of，thanks to，owing to，on account of，for，due to等。
1）幸虧你及時(shí)幫忙,我們才按時(shí)完成了任務(wù)。
Because you get us a timely help, we accomplished the task on time.
→ Thanks to your timely help，we accomplished the task on time.
2) 由于有這么些的磨難，我才有機(jī)會(huì)磨煉自己的意志。
Since there are so many hardships, I have the opportunity to improve my character.
→ Due/owing to so many hardships, I have the opportunity to improve my character.
四、讓步狀語從句
2、讓步狀語從句與表示讓步意義的短語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。引導(dǎo)讓步意義短語的有：in spite of, despite，regardless of， for all(considering how little/much/many)。
① 盡管他遇到很多磨難和失敗，但他依然堅(jiān)持的自己目標(biāo)。
In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.
②我們決不能不顧父母的對(duì)我們的愛而隨意和他們爭論。
He was determined to help those tigers in danger regardless of danger.
③ 她雖然很富有,但并不幸福。
For all her wealth, she is not happy.
五、結(jié)果狀語從句
含有結(jié)果狀語從句的句子和簡單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連接詞有：so…that…, such …that…；引導(dǎo)具有結(jié)果狀語意義的短語有：too…to…, enough to …, so … as to …；表示“導(dǎo)致”的動(dòng)詞詞組有：result in; lead to, contribute to等。
① 我們不能太專注于我們生活的細(xì)節(jié)以至于忽略了我們?cè)谇斑M(jìn)的方向。
②自信、雄心，加上決心和毅力等因素是造成最終的成功或失敗的原因。
Factors such as self-condidence and ambition , combined with determination and willpower , contribute to eventual success or failure .
他太粗心了以至于犯了好多錯(cuò)。
He was so careless that he made lots of mistakes.
→ He was so careless as to make lots of mistakes.
→ His carelessness resulted in lots of mistakes.
六、目的狀語從句
含有目的狀語從句的句子和簡單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連接詞有：so that，in order that，in case（以防萬一；以免）；引導(dǎo)表示“目的”的短語：to do, in order to, so as to do, in case of(以防)。
你在課堂上要認(rèn)真做筆記是為了不忘知識(shí)要點(diǎn)。
She takes notes carefully in class so that she can’t forget key points.
→ She takes notes carefully in class in case she can forget key points.
→ She takes notes carefully in class not to(in order not to/so as not to) forget key points.
練習(xí)：
1、我們應(yīng)該節(jié)約用水，以免某一天我們把最后一點(diǎn)水變成我們的眼淚。
2、為了彌補(bǔ)耽擱的時(shí)間，在過去的幾天里面，她一直挑燈夜戰(zhàn)。
3、當(dāng)我看醫(yī)生的時(shí)候，我總是帶些讀物，以防自己不得不等待。
4、我已經(jīng)足夠大了, 有權(quán)去做我喜歡做的事。
5、既然你已是個(gè)大學(xué)生了，就應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)著獨(dú)立，不靠父母的幫助。
6、無論有什么困難，我們都要堅(jiān)持我們的目標(biāo)。
7、雖然說他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，但有時(shí)也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)。畢竟，人無完人。
8、盡管自信是一種健康的品質(zhì)，但過分自信是有害的。
② 雖然他付出了巨大的努力，但是他還是不能按時(shí)達(dá)到自己的目的地。
答案：(翻譯方法不止一種，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們多翻譯幾種。)
1. We should save water in case the last drop of water will become our tear some day.
2. In order to make up for the lost time, she has been staying up late in the past few days.
3. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor，s in case I have to wait.
4. I'm old enough to have the freedom to do as I like.
5. Since /now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents.
6. Whatever difficulties we may come across, we should stick to our goals.
7. Good student as he is, he makes mistakes sometimes. Every man has his faults.
8. In spite of the fact that confidence is a healthy quality, overconfidence is nothing but harmful (does great harm).
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