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【編者按】除了下面A2，A3中所示各種類型外，這兩種從句均可由as或because來引導(dǎo)。但是用as引導(dǎo)原因從句較為穩(wěn)妥(參見A);用because引導(dǎo)結(jié)果/原因從句較為穩(wěn)妥(參見B)。

A 原因從句

1 由as/because/since 引導(dǎo)的原因從句：

We camped there as/because/since it was too dark to go on.

我們在那里露宿是因為天太黑，不能再繼續(xù)往前走了。

As/Because/Since it was too dark to go on，we camped there.

因為天太黑不能再繼續(xù)往前走，我們就在那兒露宿了。

2 in view of the fact that可用as/since/seeing that來表示，但不能用because：

As/Since/Seeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand.

既然你在這兒，你就幫我個忙吧。

As/Since/Seeing that Tom knows French，he’d better do the talking.

既然湯姆懂法語，最好讓他來談。

3 在as/since/seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陳述時，可用if來代替：

As/Since/Seeing that/If you don’t like Bill，why did you invite him?

既然/如果你不喜歡比爾，你為什么邀請了他?

注意：if so的用法：

—I hope Bill won’t come.

—If so(=If you hope he won’t come)，why did you invite him?

—我希望比爾別來。

—如果這樣(=如果你希望他不來)，你為什么邀請了他?

關(guān)于if+so/not，參見第347節(jié)。

B 結(jié)果從句(參見第339節(jié))由because或as引導(dǎo)：

The fuse blew because we had overloaded the circuit.

保險絲燒斷了，因為我們使線路超載了。

He was angry because we were late.

他生氣是因為我們來晚了。

As it froze hard that night there was ice everywhere next day.

因為那天晚上冷得厲害，所以第二天到處都是冰。

As the soup was very salty we were thirsty afterwards.

因為這湯很咸，后來我們渴得厲害。

C 這種組合也可用so連接兩個主句的形式來表示：

It was too dark to go on，so we camped there.

天太黑了，不能繼續(xù)往前走了，所以我們就在那兒露宿了。

You are here，so you may as well give me a hand.

你們既然在這兒，不如就幫我一下。

It froze hard that night，so there was ice everywhere next day.

那天夜里冷得厲害，所以第二天到處都是冰。

也可以使用therefore，但只限用于非常正式的句子中：

The Finnish delegate has not yet arrived.We are therefore postponing/ We have therefore decided to postpone/Therefore we are postponing the meeting.

芬蘭代表還沒有到達。我們因此要把會議推遲/因此我們已決定把會議推遲/因此我們要把會議推遲。(注意therefore可以放在幾個不同的位置。)

such/so…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果從句

A such是形容詞，用于形容詞 名詞結(jié)構(gòu)之前：

They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house.

他們有一條如此兇猛的狗，以致沒人敢靠近他們家。

He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.

他說了這么長時間，以致在座的人都犯困了。

B so是副詞，用于副詞和不帶名詞的形容詞之前：

The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up.

雪下得這么快，以致我們的腳印很快就被雪蓋住了。

His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.

他的講話這么長，以致在座的人都開始犯困了。

Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it.

他們的狗太兇猛了，所以沒人敢靠近它。

但such不能用于much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名詞的much和many之前：

There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.

灰塵太大了，使得我們看不清發(fā)生了什么事。

So many people complained that they took the programme off.

抱怨的人太多，所以他們?nèi)∠�了那個節(jié)目。

C 注意：such+a+形容詞+名詞可由so+形容詞+a+名詞來代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man來代替。這只能在名詞前面有a/an的情況下使用。這種形式不常見，但有時出現(xiàn)在文學(xué)作品中。

有時為了表示強調(diào)，so位于句首。這時后面跟動詞的倒裝形式(參見第45節(jié))：

So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off.

暴風(fēng)真可怕，把整個的屋頂全都刮飛了。

讓步從句

它們由下列詞來引導(dǎo)：although，though(參見第327節(jié)與第329節(jié))，even though，even if，no matter，however(參見第85節(jié))。有時也可以使用whatever。as也可以，但是只限于形容詞+as+be結(jié)構(gòu)。

Although/Though/Even though/Even if you don’t like him you can still be polite.

盡管/即使/縱然/即使你不喜歡他，你仍可有禮貌一些。

No matter what you do，don’t touch this switch.

無論怎樣，都別碰這個按鈕。

However rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more mon- ey.

無論人們多么富有，他們似乎總還渴望賺到更多的錢。

However carefully you drive，you will probably have an accident eventual- ly.

無論你開車多小心，最后你大概還會出車禍。

Whatever you do，don’t tell him that I told you this.

無論如何，別跟他說這件事是我告訴你的。

Patient as he was，he had no intention of waiting for three hours.

哪怕他再有耐心，也不打算等上三個小時。

may+動詞原形可用于假設(shè)情況：

However frightened you may be yourself，you must remain outwardly calm.

無論你有多害怕，外表上你仍要保持冷靜。

may含有I accept the fact that(我接受這一事實)的意思：

—But he’s your brother!

—He may be my brother but I don’t trust him!

—可他是你的兄弟!

—盡管他是我的兄弟，可我不信任他!

但may這樣用時，是另一主句的一部分，并不屬于讓步從句之列。should+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)可用于even if之后，正如用于條件句的if之后一樣，用來表示should后面的動詞原形所指的動作不太可能發(fā)生：

Even if he should find out he won’t do anything about it.

即便他發(fā)現(xiàn)了，他也不會采取什么行動的。

比較從句

A 形容詞和限定動詞連用時的比較(另參見第20節(jié)至第22節(jié))：

It’s darker today than it was yesterday.

今天比昨天天色昏暗。

He doesn’t pay as much tax as we do/as us.

他沒我們交的稅款多。

He spends more than he earns.

他花的比掙的多。

注意：that+形容詞是一種口語形式，表示“那么……”：

—Will it cost￡100?

—No，it won’t cost as much as(all)that.It won’t be(all)that expen

- sive./It won’t be as expensive as that.

—要花100英鎊嗎?

—不，花不了那么多。沒那么貴。

that+形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)有時用于口語中表示very(很)的意思。

B 副詞和限定動詞連用時的比較(參見第31節(jié)至第34節(jié))：