高一英語必修四語法總結(jié)(人教)高一英語必修4重要詞匯拓展1 achievement n.成就，功績→achieve v.達到，完成，實現(xiàn)2 welfare n 福利事業(yè)，福利3. project n.方案, 計劃,, 設計，工程, 企業(yè), 事業(yè)，科研項目; 課外自修項目 vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②設想自已處身于(into)4. specialist n.專家，專業(yè)工作者→special adj.特殊的，專門的→specialize vi.專攻，專門從事5. connection n.連接，關(guān)系→connect v.連接6. condition n. 狀況（不可數(shù)），條件（可數(shù)），環(huán)境（復數(shù)）on no condition 決不7.organization n.組織，機構(gòu)，團體 organize?vt.組織;籌備, 成立; 使加入工會，使有條理8.behave v.舉止，表現(xiàn)→behavior n.行為，舉止9. shade n.陰涼處 v.遮住光線10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的，值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. worth adj.值„„，值得„„ be worth doingworthy adj.值得做的，可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done11. observe v.觀察，觀測，遵守→observation n.觀察，觀測12. respect v./n.尊敬，尊重，敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的，正派的，體面地→respectful adj.有禮貌的，恭敬的13. argue .v.爭論，辯論→argument n.爭論，辯論 argued-adj 引起爭論的14.entertainment-n 款待，娛樂 entertain-v 款待；招待，娛樂，抱有，懷著（想法、疑問）15. crowd n.人群，觀眾 v.擠滿，使擁擠→crowded adj.擁擠的16. inspire v.鼓舞，激發(fā)→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的，有靈感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞，靈感17 support v.支持，擁護→supporter n.支持者，擁護者18.refer-vi 談到，查閱，參考19.intend v.計劃，打算→intention n.打算，目的，意圖20.considerate adj.考慮周到的→consider v.考慮，認為→consideration n考慮，體諒→considering prep考慮到21.kind adj 仁慈的，和善的，友愛的kindness ?n 仁慈，好意，善良22.deliver v.遞送，生（小孩），接生，發(fā)表（演講等）→delivery n.投遞，交貨，分娩23.modest adj 謙虛的，謙讓的，適度的重點短語梳理1 devote„to (doing) sth.把„奉獻給devote oneself to致力于，獻身于 be devoted to專心致志于2 human beings 人類3 move off 離開，啟程，出發(fā)4 lead a„life 過著„„的生活5 crowd in 涌上心頭，涌入腦海6 look down on/ upon 蔑視，瞧不起7 refer to 查閱，參考，談到 (其中，to為介詞)8 by chance 碰巧，湊巧9. come across 偶遇，碰見10. carry on 繼續(xù)，堅持 carry out 實行，執(zhí)行，完成11. be dressed in 穿著„ dress as 打扮成„12.fight for 為„.而戰(zhàn) fight against 與„戰(zhàn)斗13.put to death判死刑14. concern oneself with„關(guān)注„ 注意„15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事16. in the shade of 在„的樹蔭下，在„的庇護下17.gain doctor’s degree 獲得博士學位18. be considered as 被看做„.19.take turns to do sth 采取步驟做某事20.do research on
n„ 做„方面的研究21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著22. by now 直到現(xiàn)在重點句型再現(xiàn)1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花去多年的時間觀察和記錄它們的日常活動。（spend+時間/金錢+doing sth 花時間或金錢去做某事）2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她的母親頭幾個月來幫過她的忙；這才使她得以開始自己的計劃。（only位于句首并修飾狀語，句子要發(fā)生部分倒裝，將助動詞或聯(lián)系動詞置于主語之前） 3 Following Jane’s way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. 我們一行人將按照Jane研究猩猩的方法去森林里拜訪他們。（-ing作方式狀語。注意非謂語動詞作狀語時的區(qū)別：-ing主動/進行/延續(xù)，-ed被動/過去，to do主動/將來）4.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看起來她忙于所選擇的和寫作一樣的到國外研究。（It seemed that+從句：似乎是，看起來好像是。 as well as 還有）5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients后來使她成功的是她對所有病人獻出的愛心和體貼。（What made her succeed主語從句。了解what引導的名詞性從句的譯法，明白它們在句中的成分：作主語、賓語、表語、同位語）語法剖析（主謂一致）主謂一致，指人稱和數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系。分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致。(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復數(shù),謂語也用復數(shù)。以下為注意事項:1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì)。No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數(shù), 否則用復數(shù)。如:The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。5. each of + 復數(shù)代詞, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)
. 復數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說。6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復數(shù), 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個學生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急。8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復數(shù). 如: His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9. 形復意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時,第3 / 7頁謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。4. 表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當?shù)木嚯x。5. (1) 通常作復數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復數(shù).如:The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee ha
s/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1. 由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中, (有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither„.nor, not only„.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意: one of +復數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數(shù)。 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。重要詞匯拓展1 sunburn v.日曬，曬黑→sunburnt adj.曬黑的2 struggle v./n.掙扎，奮斗，努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with 3 decade n.十年，十年期4 super n.冗員, 額外人員; [口]特級品, 特大號商品; 超級市場adj特級的, 極好的, 非凡的5. hunger n.饑餓，渴望/v.使饑餓→hungry adj.饑餓的；渴望的6.output n. 產(chǎn)量，輸出，input 輸入，消費7.disturbing adj 引起煩惱的，令人不安的，disturb v. 打擾，麻煩8.expand vt.擴大, 擴展,張開, 使發(fā), 詳談; 引伸9. circulate v.循環(huán)，流通→circulation n.循環(huán)，流傳第4 / 7頁10. battle n.戰(zhàn)役，戰(zhàn)斗 v.搏斗，奮斗11. therefore adv.因此，所以12. rid vt 擺脫，除去13.freedom n 自由，自主→ free adj 自由的，免費的14.equip v.配備，裝備→equipment n.設備15. export v.輸出，出口 n.輸出（品）→import v.輸入，進口 n.進口（品）16.nationality n 國籍，national adj 國家的，民族的 nation n. 國家17.occupation n 工作，職業(yè)，占領(lǐng) occupy v.占用，使從事，把注意力集中于...占領(lǐng), 占據(jù)18.confuse v.使迷惑，使為難→confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.令人迷惑的 19 regret v./n.后悔，遺憾→regretful adj.后悔的，遺憾的20.production n.生產(chǎn)，制造，productive 可生產(chǎn)的，可制造的，produce ?v 生產(chǎn)，制造21.discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺，discover-v 發(fā)現(xiàn)，22.focus v. 集中，聚焦，n 焦點，中心點23. reduce v.減少，縮減→reduction n.減少，縮減24 comment n./v.評論，議論重點短語梳理1 if not 如果不„. If so 如果這樣，2.consider oneself sth 自認為是„ consider sb sth 認為某人是„3.since then 從那時起4.search for a way to do sth 尋找做某事的途徑。5.thanks to 幸虧，由于，因為 （to為介詞）6.rid„of
„ 擺脫，除去 get rid of 除去„7. be satisfied with 對„„感到滿意8 would rather do than do寧愿，寧可„也不„=would do rather than do9with the hope of 滿懷希望..10.in some way 在某種程度上11.cause damage to 對„ 造成危害。12.build up 增強，強大13. lead to 導致，造成(to為介詞)14. focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于15. keep„from/of 使„„免受（影響、傷害等）重點句型再現(xiàn)1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士種植的是被稱為“超級雜交水稻”的稻種。（what引導的名詞性從句在句中作賓語）2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 這種特殊的稻種使得同樣的田地多收獲三分之一的產(chǎn)量。（makes it possible 中it為形式賓語，to do不定式短語為真正賓語）3. It’s a great pity that 很遺憾的是„.4.Using his hybrid rice，farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.由于使用了他的雜質(zhì)水稻，農(nóng)民的豐收是以前的兩倍。第5 / 7頁（-ing動詞短語作原因狀語）語法剖析（非謂語動詞---動詞的-ing形式作主語和賓語）一、動詞-ing形式作主語● 動詞-ing形式作主語常用來表示經(jīng)常性和習慣性的動作。動詞-ing形式作主語通常放在句首，謂語用單數(shù)形式。例如：Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.● 動詞-ing形式作主語時，為了保持句子平衡，可以用it作形式主語。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)：1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of „ etc. + v-ing 例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.二、動詞-ing形式作賓語● 動詞-ing形式既可作動詞的賓語，又可作介詞的賓語。1. 以下動詞或短語只接動詞-ing形式作賓語：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等動詞; can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短語。2. 在下列短語中，to是介詞，后面應用動詞-ing形式作賓語：be / get used to, look forward to, devote„to, pay attention to, object to等。3. 下列動詞或短語既可以跟動詞-ing形式作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別：● like, love, prefer如表示經(jīng)常性的行為后接動詞-ing形式；如表示具體的行為常用動詞不定式，但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would，后面則接動詞不定式。如：Would you like to go shopping with me?● 下列幾組詞接動詞-ing形式作賓語和不定式作賓語含義不同：forget doing 忘記已做過某事； forget to do 忘記要做某事remember doing 記得做過某事； remember to do 記住要做某事mean doing 意思是，意味著； mean to do 打算做regret doing 后悔做過某事; regret to do 遺憾要做某事can’t help doing 禁不住做； can’t help (to) do 不能幫忙做�！� 在allow, permit, advise等動詞后直接跟動詞-ing形式作賓語，如果這些詞后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后要用動詞不定式作
賓語補足語。如：We don’t allow smoking in the classroom.We don’t allow students to smoke.● 動詞need, require, want作“需要”解時，其后用動詞-ing的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語，這時動詞-ing的主動形式表被動意義。如：Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.三、動詞-ing的復合結(jié)構(gòu)動詞-ing的復合結(jié)構(gòu)即：物主代詞或名詞所有格(作賓語時也可以用代詞賓格或名詞普通格) + 動詞-ing。如：Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?四、動詞-ing的時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及否定形式動詞-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 兩種時態(tài)，一般式的被動語態(tài)是being done，完成式的被動語態(tài)是having been done。動詞-ing的完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。動詞-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。例如：第6 / 7頁I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.
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