第一講 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
所謂細(xì)節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問或用與此相類似的詞填空。說明文和敘述文的思考題有相當(dāng)于部分是此類題）及語義轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論。）抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其它類型問題的基礎(chǔ)。這類題型的題干常為：
1) When/Where did the story happen?
2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
3) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
5) All the statements are true except.
該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時(shí)使用的具體事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細(xì)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細(xì)節(jié)。做這類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。弄清細(xì)節(jié)、準(zhǔn)確獲取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。
細(xì)節(jié)專題一：排序題
此類的考查形式是在選項(xiàng)中列舉一些具體的事實(shí)，然后對(duì)上面的事實(shí)進(jìn)行排序。要求考生根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序、時(shí)間順序以及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序�？忌梢韵日页鲎钤绲囊粋�(gè)時(shí)間和事件，把它作為事件發(fā)生的具體點(diǎn)，然后使用排除法將范圍一一縮小，從而快速地選出正確答案。
例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙灘)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET）
�、買n 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them?
a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine
c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine
e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water
A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c
[分析]答案B 題目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，顯然，租用一個(gè)bathing machine是要先付錢的，所以 c就是第一個(gè)動(dòng)作，下水 f 應(yīng)該是最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作了。這樣用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 項(xiàng)。再看 B和C項(xiàng)，從第一段倒數(shù)第三句可知先a后e，故選 B。
細(xì)節(jié)專題二：計(jì)算題
計(jì)算題也是近幾年中常考的內(nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計(jì)算題可以是對(duì)年代的計(jì)算、月份的計(jì)算或比例的計(jì)算等。文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對(duì)解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案了。
例2：Degree
We offer a wide choice of bachelor’s degrees (學(xué)位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: deg@waikato.ac.nz.
Tuition Fees(學(xué)費(fèi))
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz.
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato. ac.nz
Health
The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: heal@waikato.ac.nz.
Sports
The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@ waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）
②You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
[分析]B此題為計(jì)算題。我們從所選的這些事實(shí)來看，文章中所說的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person經(jīng)過計(jì)算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起來一年至少需要$8000。
細(xì)節(jié)專題三：圖形題
在有圖形試題的閱讀理解中，有的圖形出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性，同時(shí)也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時(shí)候，一定要把握?qǐng)D形中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實(shí)是通過圖片來敘述的，我們可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。
例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峽), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品種)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them.
In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years.
Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.（2000年北京春季）
�、踂hich of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands?
Br = Britain Fr = France Ch = Channel Islands
[分析]C這是一道識(shí)圖題。從第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峽), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast.可以推斷選項(xiàng)C正確地表達(dá)了The Channel Islands的位置
細(xì)節(jié)專題四：其它類型
例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海軍上將）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second –- and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land － is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today,高中政治, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利領(lǐng)土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.（2003年全國）
�、躀t can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _____________.
A．was named after its discoverer B．got its name from Holland settlers
C．was named by the British government D．got its name from the Guinness Book of Records
[分析]本篇選材涉及，為我們介紹了兩座最為偏遠(yuǎn)的小島(farthest／most distant inhabited islands)，一為吉尼斯大全(Guinness Book of Records)所認(rèn)定的Tristan da Cunha；另一為復(fù)活島(Easter lsland)．文中出現(xiàn)了比較多的專有名詞．
本題問及Tristan da Cunha小島的命名．如能通過瀏覽把握本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，則可看出，關(guān)于該島的內(nèi)容都在第1段：運(yùn)用尋讀(SCANNING)技巧可以找到與本題相關(guān)的線索 (關(guān)鍵詞name)出現(xiàn)在該段結(jié)尾句里，通讀全句可以得出答案：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name (as the island)．．．，與選項(xiàng)A一致．[答案] A
�、軼hich of the following is most famous for moai?
A．Tristan da Cunha. B．Pitcairn Island.． C. Easter Island. D．St. Helena.
[分析]本題涉及關(guān)于moai( = stone figures)的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)問題：其所在地．4個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為島名，因此不能依此線索查找．要按題干中所問，從第3段里找到moai所在的島；但這里僅提到 the island，循此線索往上追尋：(3段結(jié)尾)the island = (3段開頭)the mountainous 64-squaremile sland = (2段中)Easter lsland，即為答案．[答案] C
�、轜hich country does Easter Island belong to?
A．Britain. B．Holland. C．Portugal. D．Chile.
[分析]本題考查復(fù)活島今日的歸屬問題．題干提問中使用的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)也是不容忽視的．問的是“現(xiàn)在”情況，不是過去．第4段中間提到Today，．．．Chilean territory，與答案D吻合．
另外3個(gè)國家中，有的與此島并不相干(A．Britain；C．Portugal)；有的則只是上的過客(B．Holland)．最大干擾項(xiàng)為B項(xiàng)．這些誤選者顯然只注意了短文結(jié)尾段中的On Easter Sunday，1722，however，settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name，卻忽略了其中的時(shí)間因素，同樣，也沒能對(duì)于緊接此后的Today，2，000 people live on the Chilean territory予以足夠關(guān)注，對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)變化所傳遞的信息差異意識(shí)不夠?qū)е铝诉@些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失誤．[答案]D
例5：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.
On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.
Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn’t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had… until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.
�、遅hat does “she never had…”in the third paragraph mean?
A. She had never been so desperate. B. She had never thought of giving it up.
C. She had never seen such thick fog. D. She had never swum across the strait before.
[分析]根據(jù)上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推斷出，她當(dāng)時(shí)并沒有想放棄，只不過是后來情況變化了。答案：B
例6：Decision-thinking is not unlike poker--- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think . The mental process（過程） is similar . Naturally , this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .
The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory . In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of ‘perfect information’, games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks ; they don't win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of ‘imperfect information’, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players . But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.
�、郃n important factor in a game of imperfect information is _______.
A. rules B. luck C. time D. ideas
[分析]短文第二段有這樣一段說明：……游戲可分為兩類，一種是被稱為 “perfect information”的游戲，雙方無法隱瞞或進(jìn)行欺騙，他們不是靠碰巧獲勝 （ …they don’t win by chance）。另一種則是 “imperfect information”的游戲，如打牌，游戲者不可能預(yù)先知道他出的這一道牌是否比另一道好。從作者的這種表達(dá)可以推斷出，“imperfect information”游戲獲勝的一個(gè)因素就是運(yùn)氣。因此選B。
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